Tax, economy, and demographics

Dimension	Hong Kong	Indonesia
Corporate income tax	16.5%Moderate	22%High
Corporate tax basis	Pure territorialPure territorial	Residence-basedResidence-based
Personal income tax (marginal)	17%Low	35%Moderate
Personal tax basis	TerritorialTerritorial	WorldwideWorldwide
Population	7.5 M	287.9 M×38
Area	1,114 km²	1,904,569 km²×1710
Population density	6,741 /km²	151 /km²
Capital	Hong Kong	Jakarta
Currency	HKD (Hong Kong dollar)	IDR (Indonesian rupiah)
Main airport	HKG (Hong Kong International Airport)	CGK (Soekarno-Hatta International Airport)
Phone code	+852	+62
Internet TLD	.hk	.id

Visa access controls

Your access

Pick your nationality above to see how long you can stay in each country and whether you need a visa.

Passport power

Mobility strength of each country's passport, useful if you are weighing it as a future citizenship.

Hong Kong passport

#13

Henley rank

174

Visa-free destinations

• Schengen visa-free
• UK visa-free
• Canada eTA
• Australia eTA

Indonesia passport

#64

Henley rank

70

Visa-free destinations

Verdict

For professionals who prioritize affordability index, Indonesia leads with 8.0 / 10 versus 3.6 / 10 for Hong Kong. On banking index, Hong Kong is at 9.4 / 10 compared with 5.2 / 10 for Indonesia.

Frequently asked questions

• Hong Kong

  Can foreign residents open bank accounts and deploy capital in Hong Kong without friction?

  Hong Kong has no foreign exchange controls. The Basic Law provides that the Hong Kong dollar is freely convertible and that the Government safeguards the free flow of capital within, into and out of Hong Kong. Friction in practice occurs not at the capital-control level but at the banking, AML, tax-reporting and product-access level. Hong Kong remains the leading offshore renminbi hub, processing consistently over 70% of global offshore RMB payments and holding around RMB 1 trillion in offshore RMB deposits and certificates of deposit according to HKMA and SWIFT data. Foreign residents open personal accounts with HSBC, Standard Chartered, Bank of China Hong Kong and Hang Seng Bank, or with one of the eight HKMA-licensed digital banks formerly designated as virtual banks under the revised HKMA Guideline of 25 October 2024, namely ZA Bank, Mox Bank, livi Bank, WeLab Bank, Airstar Bank, Ant Bank, Fusion Bank and PAOBank. Requirements vary by institution and risk profile. Banks request identity documents that may include a Hong Kong identity card or a travel document depending on the institution, address information, tax-residency self-certification under CRS/AEOI and FATCA documentation where applicable, plus source-of-funds or source-of-wealth evidence depending on the profile. Customer due diligence and ongoing monitoring are mandatory under the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Ordinance (Cap. 615), and banks may apply additional group-level or foreign regulatory standards. Hong Kong is a FATF member and the 2019 FATF/APG mutual evaluation rated its AML/CFT system as sound and effective overall while identifying areas for improvement. Non-resident corporate account opening is selective and risk-based, with banks typically requesting beneficial ownership information, proof of business activity, expected transaction flows, source of funds and evidence of a commercial nexus with Hong Kong. Onboarding timelines vary materially with applicant status, nationality, tax profile and documentation quality, and are not standardised. Foreign nationals can purchase private residential property in Hong Kong. The Buyer's Stamp Duty (BSD), Special Stamp Duty (SSD) and New Residential Stamp Duty (NRSD) were abolished for instruments executed on or after 28 February 2024 under the Stamp Duty (Amendment) Ordinance 2024. Buyers remain subject to ad valorem stamp duty under Scale 2, with the HKD 100 lowest band raised from HKD 3M to HKD 4M with effect from 26 February 2025 under the Stamp Duty (Amendment) Ordinance 2025, and a graduated scale up to 4.25% above HKD 21,739,120. The Stamp Duty (Amendment) Bill 2026 was gazetted on 6 March 2026 and introduced into the Legislative Council on 18 March 2026 for first reading, proposing to raise the AVD rate on residential property valued above HKD 100M from 4.25% to 6.5% with retroactive effect from 26 February 2026. Pending enactment, the Inland Revenue Department continues to charge stamp duty at the prevailing 4.25% rate, with the difference between the rates becoming payable within 30 days of gazettal of the amendment ordinance once the bill is passed by the Legislative Council. The Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) regulates securities and futures market activity, with retail access to listed equities, ETFs, REITs, debt securities, structured products, futures and options through regulated channels. OTC derivatives are subject to a dedicated HKMA/SFC reporting, clearing, trading and record-keeping regime, while access to complex, structured or non-listed products remains governed by licensing, conduct, suitability and, in many cases, professional-investor constraints. Crypto access is regulated under a dual licensing framework, with SFC Type 1 and Type 7 licences under the Securities and Futures Ordinance for security tokens and a VATP licence under the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Ordinance for non-security tokens. Since 1 June 2023, retail access to virtual assets has been legally possible through SFC-licensed VATPs, subject to SFC investor-protection measures, large-cap token eligibility restrictions and platform-specific approvals, with the SFC maintaining an official list of licensed VATPs. The inward Company Re-domiciliation Regime was put in place by the Companies (Amendment) (No. 2) Ordinance 2025, gazetted on 23 May 2025, and allows eligible non-Hong Kong incorporated companies to transfer domicile to Hong Kong without creating a new legal entity and without disrupting legal identity or business continuity. Unilateral tax credits under Schedule 17L of the Inland Revenue Ordinance are available where a re-domiciled company has paid, in its place of incorporation, a tax of substantially the same nature as Hong Kong profits tax on unrealised income or profit because of the re-domiciliation and Hong Kong profits tax later applies to the corresponding realised income or profit, with the credit capped at the lower of the specified tax paid or the Hong Kong profits tax payable on the relevant income.

• Indonesia

  Can foreign residents open bank accounts and deploy capital in Indonesia without friction?

  Banking is regulated by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK), Indonesia's Financial Services Authority established under Law No. 21 of 2011, which took over banking supervision from Bank Indonesia at the end of 2013 and whose mandate was later reinforced by the Financial Sector Development and Strengthening Law (P2SK Law No. 4 of 2023). Bank Indonesia (BI), the central bank, retains monetary policy, payment system oversight, macro-prudential supervision, and foreign exchange regulation. The market counts around 105 commercial banks as of mid-2025, with the four state-owned banks (Bank Negara Indonesia, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Mandiri, and Bank Tabungan Negara) playing a central role in retail and government-linked banking, and the private Bank Central Asia (BCA) ranking as the leading private bank. Account opening for holders of a limited stay permit (KITAS) is generally feasible and often completed within a few business days depending on the bank and branch, with banks commonly requesting a passport, a valid residence permit, residential address details, a Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP) tax identification number, and an initial deposit that varies by bank and account type and frequently falls in the IDR 500,000 to 1,000,000 range. Source of funds checks are applied on a risk-based basis through customer due diligence rather than a single universal threshold, while cash transactions of at least IDR 500,000,000 in one business day must be reported to the financial intelligence unit Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan (PPATK) under Law No. 8 of 2010. Indonesia became a full member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in October 2023 and is not listed on the FATF grey or black lists. Indonesia operates a Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act framework with the United States through an intergovernmental agreement, and separately participates in the Common Reporting Standard for automatic exchange of financial account information with partner jurisdictions including European Union member states, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and Australia. Domestic financial transactions must be conducted in IDR under Bank Indonesia Regulation 17/3/PBI/2015 effective July 2015, with limited exceptions for activities such as export and import settlement and interbank foreign currency transactions. Foreign currency cash purchases against the rupiah without underlying transaction documents are capped at USD 50,000 per party per month since 1 April 2026 under Board of Governors Regulation (PADG No. 7 of 2026), a threshold scheduled to be lowered further to USD 25,000 from June 2026. Deposit insurance through Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS) covers eligible deposits up to IDR 2,000,000,000 per depositor per bank. Foreign nationals with a valid stay permit can own a landed residence under a Hak Pakai (Right to Use) title and an apartment unit under a strata title Hak Pakai certificate (Sertifikat Hak Pakai atas Satuan Rumah Susun), subject to minimum value thresholds set regionally such as IDR 5,000,000,000 in Jakarta, while Hak Guna Bangunan (Right to Build) is available to foreign interests only through an Indonesian foreign-owned company (PT PMA) and Hak Milik freehold remains reserved to Indonesian citizens. Agricultural land ownership is prohibited for foreigners. Crypto asset supervision was transferred from the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (Bappebti) to OJK and BI effective 10 January 2025 under Government Regulation No. 49 of 2024 and OJK Regulation No. 27 of 2024, with a transition period running to 10 January 2027 during which legacy Bappebti licences remain valid. Foreign investment in Indonesian listed securities is permitted through the Indonesia Stock Exchange via OJK-licensed local brokers, subject to sector-specific foreign ownership limits set under the Positive Investment List (Presidential Regulation No. 10 of 2021 as amended by No. 49 of 2021), with the banking sector cap at 99 percent.

• Hong Kong

  How does taxation apply to residents and foreign-source income in Hong Kong?

  Hong Kong applies a territorial source principle for both individuals and corporations. Salaries tax under the Inland Revenue Ordinance Cap. 112 covers only employment income arising in or derived from Hong Kong, irrespective of residency status. Tax residency itself does not trigger worldwide taxation. Salaries tax progresses from 2% to 17% on net chargeable income, capped at the two-tiered standard rate of 15% on the first HKD 5M of net income and 16% above without allowances, effective from year of assessment 2024/25 under the Inland Revenue (Amendment) (Tax Concessions and Two-tiered Standard Rates) Ordinance 2024. The taxpayer pays the lower of the two computations. There is no capital gains tax, no dividend tax, no inheritance tax (estate duty abolished 11 February 2006), no general value-added tax. Mandatory MPF contributions are 5% of relevant income capped at HKD 1,500 per month. Profits tax operates on a two-tiered basis since 1 April 2018 (sections 14AA-14AB IRO). Corporations pay 8.25% on the first HKD 2M of assessable profits and 16.5% above, unincorporated businesses pay 7.5% and 15%. Only one entity per group of connected entities can elect the two-tiered rates per year of assessment. Major sectoral concessionary regimes apply. 0% profits tax on eligible carried interest received by qualifying persons and a 100% salaries tax exclusion for qualifying employees providing investment management services to certified investment funds under the Inland Revenue (Amendment) (Tax Concessions for Carried Interest) Ordinance 2021, retroactive from 1 April 2020. 5% Patent Box rate on qualifying IP income with OECD nexus computation, effective YA 2023/24 and gazetted 5 July 2024, with a local registration requirement effective 5 July 2026 imposing that foreign patents and plant variety rights filed on or after that date require corresponding Hong Kong registration under the Patents Ordinance Cap. 514 to remain eligible. The Family-owned Investment Holding Vehicle (FIHV) regime grants 0% profits tax under Schedule 16E IRO (effective YA 2022/23) on qualifying transactions, requiring HKD 240M qualifying assets at family level, an eligible Single Family Office in Hong Kong with at least 2 full-time qualified employees and HKD 2M annual local operating expenditure. The 2026-27 Budget (25 February 2026) proposed expanding FIHV, Unified Funds Exemption (UFE) and Carried Interest qualifying investments to digital assets, precious metals, specified commodities, loan and private credit investments, and other assets, with the amendment bill expected in the first half of 2026 and targeted implementation from YA 2025/26 subject to LegCo passage. Other corporate concessions cover aircraft and ship leasing, treasury management and fund vehicles. An 8.25% concessionary rate applies to qualifying profits of aircraft lessors and aircraft leasing managers under Schedule 17F IRO, with a one-off 100% deduction of aircraft acquisition cost replacing the prior 20% tax base concession for aircraft acquired in YA 2023/24 or later under the Inland Revenue (Amendment) (Aircraft Leasing Tax Concessions) Ordinance 2024. 0% applies to qualifying ship lessors and 0% or 8.25% to ship leasing managers depending on whether the lessor is associated or non-associated (effective 19 June 2020). An 8.25% Corporate Treasury Centre rate applies under section 14D IRO since 1 April 2016. The full 0% Unified Funds Exemption regime covers hedge funds, OFCs and Limited Partnership Funds for qualifying transactions in Schedule 16C assets (effective 1 April 2019, sections 20AM to 20AY IRO). The Onshore Equity Disposal Tax Certainty Scheme treats onshore equity disposal gains as capital in nature where an eligible investor entity has held at least 15% of the investee entity for a continuous period of at least 24 months immediately before disposal, subject to exclusions for insurers and certain property-related investee entities (effective 1 January 2024). Since 1 January 2023 (further refined 1 January 2024), the FSIE regime restricts the territorial exemption for in-scope MNE entities on offshore interest, dividends, IP income and disposal gains, requiring economic substance, nexus or participation conditions. A 15% Hong Kong Minimum Top-up Tax (HKMTT), the Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax under OECD Pillar Two, applies to MNE groups with consolidated revenue of EUR 750M or above for fiscal years beginning on or after 1 January 2025 under the Inland Revenue (Amendment) (Minimum Tax for Multinational Enterprise Groups) Ordinance 2025 gazetted 6 June 2025. Hong Kong has obtained OECD transitional qualified status from 1 January 2025 and operates a Pillar Two Portal for top-up tax notifications. R&D super deduction at 300% on the first HKD 2M and 200% on the balance applies under section 16B IRO. Hong Kong has signed 57 comprehensive double taxation agreements as at March 2026, distinct from the People Republic of China DTA network.

• Indonesia

  How does taxation apply to residents and foreign-source income in Indonesia?

  Indonesia operates a residence-based taxation system. Tax residency is triggered when an individual stays more than 183 days in any 12-month period or holds intent to reside, typically evidenced by a Limited Stay Permit. Resident companies and individuals are taxed on worldwide income, with foreign tax credits available under 71 active bilateral double taxation agreements. The standard corporate income tax (CIT) rate is 22 percent post Harmonization of Tax Regulations (HPP) Law No. 7 of 2021, with a reduced 19 percent rate applicable to public companies with at least 40 percent free float on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. A 0.5 percent Final Tax on gross revenue applies to small businesses with annual turnover below IDR 4,800,000,000 under Government Regulation (PP) No. 23 of 2018 as amended by PP No. 55 of 2022, available for a maximum of 7 tax years for individuals, 4 years for cooperatives, limited partnerships and firms, and 3 years for limited liability companies. The Omnibus Law No. 11 of 2020 introduced a conditional exemption for foreign-source dividends, foreign permanent establishment (PE) income, and active non-PE foreign income earned by resident companies if reinvested in Indonesia for at least 3 years, moving the corporate framework from pure worldwide to residence-based with structural carve-outs. Several concessional corporate regimes apply to qualifying investments. The Tax Holiday for Pioneer Industries under Minister of Finance Regulation (PMK) No. 130 of 2020 as amended by PMK No. 69 of 2024 grants 50 percent CIT reduction for investments between IDR 100 and 500 billion for 5 years, or 100 percent CIT reduction for investments above IDR 500 billion for 5 to 20 years, across 18 designated pioneer industries including pharmaceuticals, electric vehicles, renewable energy, data centers, petrochemicals, and metal smelting. The PMK No. 69 of 2024 application window closed on 31 December 2025, and any successor framework extending it into 2026 remains unconfirmed absent a new official regulation. The Nusantara Capital City (IKN) Tax Incentives under PP No. 12 of 2023 and PMK No. 28 of 2024 extend up to 100 percent CIT reduction for 10 to 30 years to investments of at least IDR 10 billion in the new capital city, with dedicated tracks for the Financial Centre (85 to 100 percent CIT reduction for 20 to 25 years) and headquarters relocation (100 percent for 10 years plus 50 percent for the next 10). The Special Economic Zones (KEK) regime under PP No. 40 of 2021 and PMK No. 237 of 2020 as amended by PMK No. 33 of 2021 covers 24 designated zones including Batam, Mandalika, and Nongsa Digital Park, granting a 100 percent CIT reduction for 10 to 20 years to investments of at least IDR 100 billion, with reduced facilities for smaller qualifying investments. The Tax Allowance under PP No. 78 of 2019 grants a 30 percent net income reduction over 6 years, accelerated depreciation, a reduced 10 percent dividend withholding tax, and extended 10-year loss carry-forward across 183 priority business sectors. All corporate holidays are subject to the Pillar Two Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax under PMK No. 136 of 2024 effective 1 January 2025, listed in the OECD Central Record with transitional qualified status as at 18 August 2025, capping the benefit at a 15 percent effective tax rate floor for multinational groups with consolidated revenue above EUR 750 million. Individual income tax follows progressive brackets post HPP Law: 5 percent up to IDR 60,000,000 of taxable income, 15 percent up to IDR 250,000,000, 25 percent up to IDR 500,000,000, 30 percent up to IDR 5,000,000,000, and 35 percent above IDR 5 billion. Foreign nationals with qualifying expertise under Article 4 paragraph 1a of the Income Tax Law can opt for the 4-Year Territorial Tax Exemption, taxing them only on Indonesian-source income for the first 4 fiscal years from the time they become an Indonesian domestic tax subject, subject to Directorate General of Taxes approval and provided they do not instead rely on an applicable tax treaty. The implementing rules previously sat in PMK No. 18 of 2021 and were partly consolidated into the PMK No. 81 of 2024 framework from 1 January 2025, as subsequently amended, with eligible positions defined as technical and scientific roles evidenced by a certificate, qualification, or at least 5 years of experience. Capital gains on unlisted Indonesian shares depend on the seller status. Resident sellers are taxed under ordinary income tax rules, the corporate rate for companies and Article 17 progressive rates for individuals. Non-resident sellers face a 20 percent Article 26 withholding tax on a deemed net gain set at 25 percent of the sale price, an effective 5 percent of proceeds, reducible under an applicable tax treaty. Gains on listed Indonesian shares are taxed at 0.1 percent of transaction value as a final tax. Inheritance is not subject to individual income tax but real property transfers trigger acquisition duties. Wealth tax does not exist. The VAT statutory rate was raised to 12 percent on 1 January 2025 under PMK No. 131 of 2024 issued on 31 December 2024, but effective application of the 12 percent rate is limited to luxury goods such as luxury residences valued above IDR 30 billion, private jets, yachts, hot air balloons, gliders, private firearms, and luxury motor vehicles subject to Luxury Goods Sales Tax. For all other goods and services, the effective VAT rate remains 11 percent through an adjusted 11/12 tax base mechanism, preserving the pre-2025 burden on essential consumption. Dividends paid to non-residents are subject to 20 percent default withholding tax, reducible to 10 to 15 percent under tax treaties.

• Hong Kong

  What long-term residence options exist in Hong Kong for internationally mobile individuals?

  Hong Kong operates a structured set of admission schemes administered by the Immigration Department under the Immigration Ordinance Cap. 115. The Top Talent Pass Scheme (TTPS), launched 28 December 2022, accepts three categories without prior job offer. Category A targets annual income of HKD 2.5M or above (defined by the Immigration Department as taxable employment or business income), with a 36-month initial stay in effect from 16 October 2024 (previously 24 months). Category B covers degree graduates of eligible universities on the aggregate list (200 institutions effective 1 January 2026, up from 199) with at least 3 years of work experience, 24 months initial stay. Category C targets recent graduates with under 3 years of experience and is subject to an annual quota allocated on a first-come first-served basis. TTPS does not apply to nationals of Afghanistan, Cuba and Korea (DPRK). The Quality Migrant Admission Scheme (QMAS) had its General Points Test (GPT) enhanced with effect from 1 November 2024, replacing the prior item-by-item scoring (245 points maximum, 80 passing threshold) with a binary assessment questionnaire of 12 criteria across six aspects (age, academic qualifications, language proficiency, work experience, annual income, business ownership), with a passing threshold of 6 criteria. No annual quota under the enhanced GPT, 36 months initial stay. The General Employment Policy (GEP) is the standard employer-sponsored route, quota-free, with streamlined processing for the 60 professions of the Talent List updated 1 March 2025. The Admission Scheme for Mainland Talents and Professionals (ASMTP) broadly mirrors GEP for Chinese nationals residing in the Mainland. The Technology Talent Admission Scheme (TechTAS) operates through quotas allocated to sponsoring companies by the Innovation and Technology Commission, with each company normally allotted up to 100 quotas per year. Following the enhancement measures effective 24 December 2025, the requirement to engage in R&D in the previously designated 14 technology areas was lifted, and a parallel quota plus visa application procedure was introduced. Initial stay of 36 months on employment condition. The New Capital Investment Entrant Scheme (New CIES), effective 1 March 2024, requires HKD 30M minimum, of which HKD 27M in permissible financial assets or eligible real estate, plus HKD 3M placed in the CIES Investment Portfolio managed by Hong Kong Investment Corporation Limited. Effective 17 September 2025, the aggregate real estate cap was raised from HKD 10M to HKD 15M, but the countable residential property amount remains capped at HKD 10M and the qualifying single residential unit transaction price was lowered from HKD 50M to HKD 30M. The 1 March 2025 reform allows investments held through a Family-owned Investment Holding Vehicle or Family-owned Special Purpose Entity managed by an eligible Single Family Office (assets of HKD 240M or above under Schedule 16E of the Inland Revenue Ordinance). The 1 March 2026 update removed the six-month minimum incorporation period for the eligible private holding company, allowing applicants to use recently incorporated vehicles for asset allocation. Cumulative metrics as at 28 February 2026: approximately 3,166 applications received with anticipated investment of about HKD 95Bn, of which 1,762 applicants have completed their investments and received formal approval. Initial stay of 24 months, extensions of up to three years renewable subject to portfolio maintenance. Investment as Entrepreneurs (under the GEP framework) requires a detailed business plan covering source of funds, expected turnover and local job creation in the coming years, with no statutory minimum capital. The Admission Scheme for the Second Generation of Chinese Hong Kong Permanent Residents (ASSG) targets overseas-born applicants aged 18 to 40 with at least one parent holding a valid Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card and who was a Chinese national settled overseas at the time of the applicant's birth. The Immigration Arrangements for Non-local Graduates (IANG) grant 24 months to graduates of full-time locally-accredited Hong Kong programmes or Greater Bay Area campus graduates, with extension on a 3-3 year pattern. The Vocational Professionals Admission Scheme (VPAS) is a pilot covering 34 VTC Higher Diploma programmes across 12 trades for 2025-26 (13 trades from 2026-27), with first applications opening upon graduation of the inaugural cohort in mid-2026, excluding nationals of Afghanistan, Cuba, Laos, Korea (DPRK), Nepal and Vietnam. The Working Holiday Scheme covers 13 partner countries for nationals aged 18 to 30 (Australia 5,000, Japan 1,500, UK 1,000, Korea 1,000, France 750, Germany 300, Sweden 500, New Zealand 400, Canada 193, Hungary 200, Ireland 200, Austria 100, Netherlands 100), single-use, 12 months, not normally renewable. All pathways converge on a seven-year continuous ordinary residence requirement to apply for right of abode, which is not automatic. For New CIES entrants specifically, maintaining the financial requirements throughout seven years does not by itself confer permanent residence. Where the continuous ordinary residence test is not satisfied, applicants may seek unconditional stay after the seventh year. The Top-tier Employment Stream grants an extension on time limitation only after 2 years of stay and HKD 2M annual assessable income for salaries tax. Duration varies by scheme of origin, with 6 years under TTPS, IANG and ASSG, and 5 years under GEP, ASMTP, QMAS and TechTAS. From 1 March 2026, the extension filing window expanded from 4 weeks to 3 months before expiry of stay across GEP, ASMTP, TechTAS, IANG, QMAS and ASSG, with TTPS already aligned since 1 November 2024.

• Indonesia

  What long-term residence options exist in Indonesia for internationally mobile individuals?

  Indonesia operates a Limited Stay Permit (Izin Tinggal Terbatas or KITAS) framework under Minister of Immigration and Corrections Decree No. M.IP-08.GR.01.01 of 2025. Employment-based residence is the Work KITAS (Index E23, 6 months to 2 years renewable) sponsored by an Indonesian limited company (PT) or foreign investment company (PT PMA) holding a valid Foreign Worker Utilization Plan (RPTKA), with the employer paying the Foreign Worker Compensation Fund (DKP-TKA) of approximately USD 1,200 per worker per year. Investment-based residence is the Investor KITAS (Index E28A) requiring minimum personal shareholding of IDR 10,000,000,000 in a PT PMA registered under personal name, with the holder occupying a Director or Commissioner role. The Investor KITAS is valid 1 or 2 years, renewable up to 6 years total, exempt from the Foreign Worker Compensation Fund, and does not require a separate Work Permit. Conversion to permanent residence (Izin Tinggal Tetap or ITAP) becomes available to investors after at least 3 consecutive years of continuous residence, subject to immigration approval and a signed integration declaration. Two Golden Visa tracks under Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 11 of 2024 expand the investor framework. The Individual Passive Investor Golden Visa (Index E28C) requires at least USD 350,000 held in Indonesian government bonds, publicly listed company shares, or regulated mutual funds for a 5-year permit, or at least USD 700,000 for 10 years, with the 10-year tier alternatively satisfied by ownership of an apartment worth at least USD 1,000,000. Proof of ownership of the qualifying assets is required, and the permit is extendable and convertible to other limited stay permits. The Individual Establishing Company Golden Visa (Index E28B) requires the applicant to commit to establishing an Indonesian company with placed capital or investment of at least USD 2,500,000 for a 5-year permit or USD 5,000,000 for 10 years, to be fulfilled within 90 days of entry. Family members including spouse and minor children under 18 qualify for dependent permits under Index E31 codes without a separate qualifying investment. The path to permanent residence follows the same rule of at least 3 consecutive years of continuous residence. The Nusantara Capital Investor Golden Visa (Index E28F) targets foreign nationals serving as director or commissioner of a company established in the new capital (Ibu Kota Nusantara or IKN) in East Kalimantan that is a branch or subsidiary of a foreign company, requiring a foreign company investment commitment of USD 5,000,000 for a 5-year permit or USD 10,000,000 for 10 years, to be fulfilled within 90 days of entry. Lifestyle, retirement, and remote work pathways complement the investor tracks. The Second Home Visa (Index E33) provides an initial permit of up to 5 years, extendable to a maximum of 10 years total, with a commitment to keep at least USD 130,000 in an account at a state-owned Indonesian bank or to own an apartment worth at least USD 1,000,000, the deposit or property to be evidenced within 90 days of entry and maintained throughout the permit. The Remote Worker Visa (Index E33G) launched in April 2024 grants an initial 1-year limited stay with multiple-entry privileges to digital nomads employed by foreign companies and is extendable online, requiring minimum annual foreign-source income of USD 60,000 and a USD 2,000 personal bank balance over the prior 3 months. Freelancers without a formal foreign employment contract are excluded. The one-year Retirement Second Home Visa (Index E33F) requires a sponsor and proof of income or allowance of at least USD 3,000 per month, is extendable online, and carries no separate qualifying investment. The Silver Hair Visa (Index E33E) under the Golden Visa framework applies to foreign nationals aged 55 and over, requiring a deposit of at least USD 50,000 in an account at a state-owned bank to be evidenced within 90 days, alongside proof of income or allowance of at least USD 3,000 per month, for an initial 5-year stay extendable to a maximum of 10 years. Path to citizenship is exceptional, discretionary, and effectively closed to dual nationals. The Global Citizen of Indonesia program launched on 26 January 2026 grants an indefinite permanent residence permit to former Indonesian citizens, their descendants up to the second degree, legal spouses of Indonesian citizens, and children of mixed marriages, without changing the holder's original nationality, positioned as a response to Indonesia's non-recognition of adult dual citizenship and comparable to India's Overseas Citizenship model.

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