Tax, economy, and demographics

Dimension	Indonesia	Singapore
Corporate income tax	22%High	17%Moderate
Corporate tax basis	Residence-basedResidence-based	Modified remittance basisModified remittance basis
Personal income tax (marginal)	35%Moderate	24%Low
Personal tax basis	WorldwideWorldwide	TerritorialTerritorial
Population	287.9 M×47	6.1 M
Area	1,904,569 km²×2591	735 km²
Population density	151 /km²	8,313 /km²
Capital	Jakarta	Singapore
Currency	IDR (Indonesian rupiah)	SGD (Singapore dollar)
Main airport	CGK (Soekarno-Hatta International Airport)	SIN (Singapore Changi Airport)
Phone code	+62	+65
Internet TLD	.id	.sg

Visa access controls

Your access

Pick your nationality above to see how long you can stay in each country and whether you need a visa.

Passport power

Mobility strength of each country's passport, useful if you are weighing it as a future citizenship.

Indonesia passport

#64

Henley rank

70

Visa-free destinations

Singapore passport

#1

Henley rank

192

Visa-free destinations

• Schengen visa-free
• UK visa-free
• US ESTA
• Canada eTA
• Australia eTA

Verdict

For professionals who prioritize english index, Singapore leads with 8.9 / 10 versus 4.4 / 10 for Indonesia. On flight index, Singapore is at 8.9 / 10 compared with 4.6 / 10 for Indonesia.

Frequently asked questions

• Indonesia

  Can foreign residents open bank accounts and deploy capital in Indonesia without friction?

  Banking is regulated by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK), Indonesia's Financial Services Authority established under Law No. 21 of 2011, which took over banking supervision from Bank Indonesia at the end of 2013 and whose mandate was later reinforced by the Financial Sector Development and Strengthening Law (P2SK Law No. 4 of 2023). Bank Indonesia (BI), the central bank, retains monetary policy, payment system oversight, macro-prudential supervision, and foreign exchange regulation. The market counts around 105 commercial banks as of mid-2025, with the four state-owned banks (Bank Negara Indonesia, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Mandiri, and Bank Tabungan Negara) playing a central role in retail and government-linked banking, and the private Bank Central Asia (BCA) ranking as the leading private bank. Account opening for holders of a limited stay permit (KITAS) is generally feasible and often completed within a few business days depending on the bank and branch, with banks commonly requesting a passport, a valid residence permit, residential address details, a Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP) tax identification number, and an initial deposit that varies by bank and account type and frequently falls in the IDR 500,000 to 1,000,000 range. Source of funds checks are applied on a risk-based basis through customer due diligence rather than a single universal threshold, while cash transactions of at least IDR 500,000,000 in one business day must be reported to the financial intelligence unit Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan (PPATK) under Law No. 8 of 2010. Indonesia became a full member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in October 2023 and is not listed on the FATF grey or black lists. Indonesia operates a Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act framework with the United States through an intergovernmental agreement, and separately participates in the Common Reporting Standard for automatic exchange of financial account information with partner jurisdictions including European Union member states, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and Australia. Domestic financial transactions must be conducted in IDR under Bank Indonesia Regulation 17/3/PBI/2015 effective July 2015, with limited exceptions for activities such as export and import settlement and interbank foreign currency transactions. Foreign currency cash purchases against the rupiah without underlying transaction documents are capped at USD 50,000 per party per month since 1 April 2026 under Board of Governors Regulation (PADG No. 7 of 2026), a threshold scheduled to be lowered further to USD 25,000 from June 2026. Deposit insurance through Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS) covers eligible deposits up to IDR 2,000,000,000 per depositor per bank. Foreign nationals with a valid stay permit can own a landed residence under a Hak Pakai (Right to Use) title and an apartment unit under a strata title Hak Pakai certificate (Sertifikat Hak Pakai atas Satuan Rumah Susun), subject to minimum value thresholds set regionally such as IDR 5,000,000,000 in Jakarta, while Hak Guna Bangunan (Right to Build) is available to foreign interests only through an Indonesian foreign-owned company (PT PMA) and Hak Milik freehold remains reserved to Indonesian citizens. Agricultural land ownership is prohibited for foreigners. Crypto asset supervision was transferred from the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (Bappebti) to OJK and BI effective 10 January 2025 under Government Regulation No. 49 of 2024 and OJK Regulation No. 27 of 2024, with a transition period running to 10 January 2027 during which legacy Bappebti licences remain valid. Foreign investment in Indonesian listed securities is permitted through the Indonesia Stock Exchange via OJK-licensed local brokers, subject to sector-specific foreign ownership limits set under the Positive Investment List (Presidential Regulation No. 10 of 2021 as amended by No. 49 of 2021), with the banking sector cap at 99 percent.

• Singapore

  Can foreign residents open bank accounts and deploy capital in Singapore without friction?

  The financial regulator is the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), which combines central-bank, banking-supervision, securities-regulation, and insurance-supervision functions. Singapore is a top-tier banking jurisdiction with the three local incumbents (DBS, OCBC, UOB) plus the Singapore branches of HSBC, Standard Chartered, Citibank, and a deep roster of private-bank platforms (Bank of Singapore, J. Safra Sarasin, Pictet, Lombard Odier, Julius Baer, UBS Wealth, BNP Paribas Wealth Management). Account opening for foreign residents is straightforward for retail accounts (1 to 3 weeks with valid pass and proof of address) but rigorous for non-resident or HNWI accounts (4 to 12 weeks, often requiring an in-person meeting). All Singapore institutions apply enhanced source-of-funds verification and full FATCA and CRS reporting under the Income Tax (International Tax Compliance Agreements) Order. Singapore is a FATF member with a strong technical compliance profile (compliant on 20 of 40 FATF Recommendations and largely compliant on 17 of 40 per the most recent enhanced follow-up report) and applies the AMLD-equivalent Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Other Serious Crimes (Confiscation of Benefits) Act and the Terrorism (Suppression of Financing) Act. There are no foreign exchange controls and the SGD is fully convertible. Foreign nationals can purchase non-landed private residential property freely (apartments, condominiums) but face a 60 percent Additional Buyer Stamp Duty (ABSD) on residential purchases, with Singapore Permanent Residents paying a reduced 5 percent ABSD on their first residential property and 30 percent on the second (and 35 percent on third and subsequent). Singapore citizens are exempt on their first property and pay 20 percent on the second and 30 percent on the third and subsequent. Landed residential property and vacant residential land require Land Dealings Approval Unit consent and are typically restricted to citizens. Singapore tolerates regulated cryptocurrency activity under the Payment Services Act 2019 administered by MAS, with Digital Payment Token Service Provider licensing required for exchanges and custody.

• Indonesia

  How does taxation apply to residents and foreign-source income in Indonesia?

  Indonesia operates a residence-based taxation system. Tax residency is triggered when an individual stays more than 183 days in any 12-month period or holds intent to reside, typically evidenced by a Limited Stay Permit. Resident companies and individuals are taxed on worldwide income, with foreign tax credits available under 71 active bilateral double taxation agreements. The standard corporate income tax (CIT) rate is 22 percent post Harmonization of Tax Regulations (HPP) Law No. 7 of 2021, with a reduced 19 percent rate applicable to public companies with at least 40 percent free float on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. A 0.5 percent Final Tax on gross revenue applies to small businesses with annual turnover below IDR 4,800,000,000 under Government Regulation (PP) No. 23 of 2018 as amended by PP No. 55 of 2022, available for a maximum of 7 tax years for individuals, 4 years for cooperatives, limited partnerships and firms, and 3 years for limited liability companies. The Omnibus Law No. 11 of 2020 introduced a conditional exemption for foreign-source dividends, foreign permanent establishment (PE) income, and active non-PE foreign income earned by resident companies if reinvested in Indonesia for at least 3 years, moving the corporate framework from pure worldwide to residence-based with structural carve-outs. Several concessional corporate regimes apply to qualifying investments. The Tax Holiday for Pioneer Industries under Minister of Finance Regulation (PMK) No. 130 of 2020 as amended by PMK No. 69 of 2024 grants 50 percent CIT reduction for investments between IDR 100 and 500 billion for 5 years, or 100 percent CIT reduction for investments above IDR 500 billion for 5 to 20 years, across 18 designated pioneer industries including pharmaceuticals, electric vehicles, renewable energy, data centers, petrochemicals, and metal smelting. The PMK No. 69 of 2024 application window closed on 31 December 2025, and any successor framework extending it into 2026 remains unconfirmed absent a new official regulation. The Nusantara Capital City (IKN) Tax Incentives under PP No. 12 of 2023 and PMK No. 28 of 2024 extend up to 100 percent CIT reduction for 10 to 30 years to investments of at least IDR 10 billion in the new capital city, with dedicated tracks for the Financial Centre (85 to 100 percent CIT reduction for 20 to 25 years) and headquarters relocation (100 percent for 10 years plus 50 percent for the next 10). The Special Economic Zones (KEK) regime under PP No. 40 of 2021 and PMK No. 237 of 2020 as amended by PMK No. 33 of 2021 covers 24 designated zones including Batam, Mandalika, and Nongsa Digital Park, granting a 100 percent CIT reduction for 10 to 20 years to investments of at least IDR 100 billion, with reduced facilities for smaller qualifying investments. The Tax Allowance under PP No. 78 of 2019 grants a 30 percent net income reduction over 6 years, accelerated depreciation, a reduced 10 percent dividend withholding tax, and extended 10-year loss carry-forward across 183 priority business sectors. All corporate holidays are subject to the Pillar Two Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax under PMK No. 136 of 2024 effective 1 January 2025, listed in the OECD Central Record with transitional qualified status as at 18 August 2025, capping the benefit at a 15 percent effective tax rate floor for multinational groups with consolidated revenue above EUR 750 million. Individual income tax follows progressive brackets post HPP Law: 5 percent up to IDR 60,000,000 of taxable income, 15 percent up to IDR 250,000,000, 25 percent up to IDR 500,000,000, 30 percent up to IDR 5,000,000,000, and 35 percent above IDR 5 billion. Foreign nationals with qualifying expertise under Article 4 paragraph 1a of the Income Tax Law can opt for the 4-Year Territorial Tax Exemption, taxing them only on Indonesian-source income for the first 4 fiscal years from the time they become an Indonesian domestic tax subject, subject to Directorate General of Taxes approval and provided they do not instead rely on an applicable tax treaty. The implementing rules previously sat in PMK No. 18 of 2021 and were partly consolidated into the PMK No. 81 of 2024 framework from 1 January 2025, as subsequently amended, with eligible positions defined as technical and scientific roles evidenced by a certificate, qualification, or at least 5 years of experience. Capital gains on unlisted Indonesian shares depend on the seller status. Resident sellers are taxed under ordinary income tax rules, the corporate rate for companies and Article 17 progressive rates for individuals. Non-resident sellers face a 20 percent Article 26 withholding tax on a deemed net gain set at 25 percent of the sale price, an effective 5 percent of proceeds, reducible under an applicable tax treaty. Gains on listed Indonesian shares are taxed at 0.1 percent of transaction value as a final tax. Inheritance is not subject to individual income tax but real property transfers trigger acquisition duties. Wealth tax does not exist. The VAT statutory rate was raised to 12 percent on 1 January 2025 under PMK No. 131 of 2024 issued on 31 December 2024, but effective application of the 12 percent rate is limited to luxury goods such as luxury residences valued above IDR 30 billion, private jets, yachts, hot air balloons, gliders, private firearms, and luxury motor vehicles subject to Luxury Goods Sales Tax. For all other goods and services, the effective VAT rate remains 11 percent through an adjusted 11/12 tax base mechanism, preserving the pre-2025 burden on essential consumption. Dividends paid to non-residents are subject to 20 percent default withholding tax, reducible to 10 to 15 percent under tax treaties.

• Singapore

  How does taxation apply to residents and foreign-source income in Singapore?

  Singapore operates a territorial-with-remittance corporate tax system at a flat 17 percent headline rate on Singapore-sourced income and on foreign income received in Singapore (Section 10 of the Income Tax Act 1947), with broad foreign-source exemption under Section 13(8) for dividends, branch profits, and service income meeting the subject-to-tax and headline-rate (15 percent) tests. Tax residency for individuals is established by the 183-day rule under Section 2 of the Income Tax Act, with administrative concessions for two-year and three-year continuous employment. For individuals, progressive rates run from 0 percent (first SGD 20,000) to a top marginal of 24 percent on chargeable income above SGD 1,000,000, raised from 22 percent effective Year of Assessment 2024. Foreign-source income received in Singapore by resident individuals in their personal capacity is generally not taxable as a matter of administrative practice consistent with the territorial principle (the Comptroller of Income Tax exempts such income where the exemption is beneficial to the recipient), while income received through a Singapore partnership falls within the Foreign-Sourced Income Exemption (FSIE) scheme under Sections 13(7A) to 13(11) of the Income Tax Act 1947 subject to subject-to-tax and 15 percent foreign headline rate conditions. Combined with the absence of capital gains tax, dividend tax, inheritance tax, and wealth tax, this produces a de facto territorial regime for individual taxpayers. Non-residents pay a flat 24 percent on most income except employment income, taxed at the higher of 15 percent flat or progressive resident rates. The Section 10L rule introduced in Budget 2024 may tax certain foreign-asset gains received in Singapore by entities lacking economic substance. For corporates, several concessionary regimes lower the effective rate well below 17 percent. The Pioneer Certificate Incentive (PC) and Development and Expansion Incentive (DEI) administered by EDB grant 5 percent, 10 percent, or 15 percent on qualifying headquarter or high-value-added manufacturing income, with the 15 percent tier introduced in Budget 2024 (effective 17 February 2024) to align with the OECD Pillar Two minimum effective tax rate. The Financial Sector Incentive (FSI) administered by the Monetary Authority of Singapore offers 5 percent, 10 percent, 13.5 percent, or 15 percent rates across sub-categories including FSI-Standard Tier, FSI-Headquarter Services, FSI-Trustee Company, and FSI-Fund Management (with a 5 percent rate for newly listed Singapore fund managers under Budget 2025), with the 15 percent tier added in Budget 2025 effective 19 February 2025 to align with Pillar Two. The Intellectual Property Development Incentive (IDI) grants 5, 10, or 15 percent on a percentage of qualifying IP income determined by the OECD modified nexus approach (BEPS Action 5). The Finance and Treasury Centre (FTC) regime grants 8 or 10 percent on approved corporate treasury income. The Global Trader Programme (GTP) administered by Enterprise Singapore grants 5, 10, or 15 percent on international physical commodity trading income. The Refundable Investment Credit (RIC) introduced in Budget 2024 is a Pillar Two-compliant Qualifying Refundable Tax Credit awarded by EDB or Enterprise Singapore on an approval basis with up to 50 percent of qualifying expenditure supported and a 4-year cash-refundable balance. Section 13W of the Income Tax Act provides a statutory safe harbour exempting gains from disposal of ordinary shares (and, since Budget 2025, qualifying preference shares accounted for as equity by the investee) where the divesting company has held at least 20 percent of the investee continuously for at least 24 months prior to disposal, with the previous 31 December 2027 sunset removed under Budget 2025 making the safe harbour permanent. Family offices use Section 13O (Singapore Resident Fund Scheme) and Section 13U (Enhanced-Tier Fund Scheme) of the Income Tax Act, both materially tightened by MAS Circular FDD Cir 10/2024 effective 1 January 2025. Section 13O requires minimum AUM of SGD 20 million in designated investments at application (no grace period), at least two investment professionals with at least one non-family member (12-month grace for the second), tiered local business spending starting at SGD 200,000, and mandatory local-investment deployment of at least 10 percent of AUM or SGD 10 million whichever is lower. Section 13U requires SGD 50 million minimum AUM at application and at end of each basis period, three investment professionals (one non-family member for SFO structures), and tiered local business spending of SGD 200,000, SGD 500,000, or SGD 1,000,000 depending on AUM band. Both regimes have required a screening report from MAS-approved providers since October 2024. Beyond 13O and 13U, Section 13D of the Income Tax Act provides tax exemption to non-Singapore tax-resident offshore funds managed from Singapore with no AUM minimum (one Singapore-based investment professional required from Year of Assessment 2028 onwards), and the new Section 13OA effective 1 January 2025 extends the resident fund regime to Singapore-registered limited partnerships with a SGD 5 million minimum AUM and tiered local business spending starting at SGD 200,000. Singapore has signed over 90 comprehensive Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreements covering all major OECD economies, China, India, and most ASEAN states. Singapore has enacted the Multinational Enterprise (Minimum Tax) Act 2024 implementing the OECD Pillar Two Income Inclusion Rule and Domestic Top-up Tax for in-scope multinational groups (consolidated revenue above EUR 750 million), with IRAS registration opening in May 2026.

• Indonesia

  What long-term residence options exist in Indonesia for internationally mobile individuals?

  Indonesia operates a Limited Stay Permit (Izin Tinggal Terbatas or KITAS) framework under Minister of Immigration and Corrections Decree No. M.IP-08.GR.01.01 of 2025. Employment-based residence is the Work KITAS (Index E23, 6 months to 2 years renewable) sponsored by an Indonesian limited company (PT) or foreign investment company (PT PMA) holding a valid Foreign Worker Utilization Plan (RPTKA), with the employer paying the Foreign Worker Compensation Fund (DKP-TKA) of approximately USD 1,200 per worker per year. Investment-based residence is the Investor KITAS (Index E28A) requiring minimum personal shareholding of IDR 10,000,000,000 in a PT PMA registered under personal name, with the holder occupying a Director or Commissioner role. The Investor KITAS is valid 1 or 2 years, renewable up to 6 years total, exempt from the Foreign Worker Compensation Fund, and does not require a separate Work Permit. Conversion to permanent residence (Izin Tinggal Tetap or ITAP) becomes available to investors after at least 3 consecutive years of continuous residence, subject to immigration approval and a signed integration declaration. Two Golden Visa tracks under Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 11 of 2024 expand the investor framework. The Individual Passive Investor Golden Visa (Index E28C) requires at least USD 350,000 held in Indonesian government bonds, publicly listed company shares, or regulated mutual funds for a 5-year permit, or at least USD 700,000 for 10 years, with the 10-year tier alternatively satisfied by ownership of an apartment worth at least USD 1,000,000. Proof of ownership of the qualifying assets is required, and the permit is extendable and convertible to other limited stay permits. The Individual Establishing Company Golden Visa (Index E28B) requires the applicant to commit to establishing an Indonesian company with placed capital or investment of at least USD 2,500,000 for a 5-year permit or USD 5,000,000 for 10 years, to be fulfilled within 90 days of entry. Family members including spouse and minor children under 18 qualify for dependent permits under Index E31 codes without a separate qualifying investment. The path to permanent residence follows the same rule of at least 3 consecutive years of continuous residence. The Nusantara Capital Investor Golden Visa (Index E28F) targets foreign nationals serving as director or commissioner of a company established in the new capital (Ibu Kota Nusantara or IKN) in East Kalimantan that is a branch or subsidiary of a foreign company, requiring a foreign company investment commitment of USD 5,000,000 for a 5-year permit or USD 10,000,000 for 10 years, to be fulfilled within 90 days of entry. Lifestyle, retirement, and remote work pathways complement the investor tracks. The Second Home Visa (Index E33) provides an initial permit of up to 5 years, extendable to a maximum of 10 years total, with a commitment to keep at least USD 130,000 in an account at a state-owned Indonesian bank or to own an apartment worth at least USD 1,000,000, the deposit or property to be evidenced within 90 days of entry and maintained throughout the permit. The Remote Worker Visa (Index E33G) launched in April 2024 grants an initial 1-year limited stay with multiple-entry privileges to digital nomads employed by foreign companies and is extendable online, requiring minimum annual foreign-source income of USD 60,000 and a USD 2,000 personal bank balance over the prior 3 months. Freelancers without a formal foreign employment contract are excluded. The one-year Retirement Second Home Visa (Index E33F) requires a sponsor and proof of income or allowance of at least USD 3,000 per month, is extendable online, and carries no separate qualifying investment. The Silver Hair Visa (Index E33E) under the Golden Visa framework applies to foreign nationals aged 55 and over, requiring a deposit of at least USD 50,000 in an account at a state-owned bank to be evidenced within 90 days, alongside proof of income or allowance of at least USD 3,000 per month, for an initial 5-year stay extendable to a maximum of 10 years. Path to citizenship is exceptional, discretionary, and effectively closed to dual nationals. The Global Citizen of Indonesia program launched on 26 January 2026 grants an indefinite permanent residence permit to former Indonesian citizens, their descendants up to the second degree, legal spouses of Indonesian citizens, and children of mixed marriages, without changing the holder's original nationality, positioned as a response to Indonesia's non-recognition of adult dual citizenship and comparable to India's Overseas Citizenship model.

• Singapore

  What long-term residence options exist in Singapore for internationally mobile individuals?

  Singapore offers a tightly engineered ladder of work passes and a single direct route to Permanent Residence through the Global Investor Programme, all administered with significant discretion by either the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) or the Economic Development Board (EDB). The Employment Pass (EP) is the standard route for foreign professionals earning a fixed monthly salary of at least SGD 5,600 in general sectors and SGD 6,200 in financial services as of 1 January 2026, rising to SGD 6,000 and SGD 6,600 respectively from 1 January 2027. EP candidates must also score at least 40 points on the COMPASS framework introduced in September 2023, which assesses salary against peer median, qualifications, employer nationality diversity, local PMET hiring record, shortage occupation list bonus, and strategic economic priorities. The S Pass covers mid-skilled associate professionals at SGD 3,300 (general) and SGD 3,800 (financial) and remains subject to a sector dependency-ratio quota of 10 to 15 percent. For top-tier individuals the Overseas Networks and Expertise Pass (ONE Pass) issued since 1 January 2023 grants a renewable 5-year personalised pass to applicants earning a fixed monthly salary of at least SGD 30,000 over 12 consecutive months at an established company (market capitalisation USD 500 million or annual revenue USD 200 million), or to outstanding-achievement candidates in arts, culture, sports, science, technology, or academia who meet no salary floor. The Tech.Pass, administered uniquely by EDB since January 2021, will be replaced from 1 January 2027 by a new ONE Pass (AI and Tech) track announced at the Committee of Supply on 3 March 2026, with five-year validity and acceptance of vested equity toward the salary threshold. Foreign founders use the EntrePass, requiring 30 percent ownership of an ACRA-registered private limited company plus an innovation criterion such as venture-capital funding, intellectual property, recognised entrepreneurial track record, A*STAR collaboration, or government incubator participation. The Personalised Employment Pass (PEP) for high earners requires a current EP earning at least SGD 22,500 fixed monthly salary (or comparable last drawn salary for non-residents), allows up to 6 months between jobs, and is non-renewable and capped at three years with an annual fixed salary minimum of SGD 270,000 to be maintained. The only direct investment route to Singapore Permanent Residence is the Global Investor Programme administered by Contact Singapore (EDB). Three options exist. Option A requires investing at least SGD 10 million in a new or existing Singapore-based business in an EDB Annex B sector, with applicants demonstrating either three years of business track record (turnover SGD 200 million), new-generation family-business profile (turnover SGD 500 million), or a tech-founder profile (company valuation SGD 500 million backed by reputable VC or PE). For 5-year Re-Entry Permit renewal under Option A the business must employ at least 30 staff with 10 incremental hires (half being Singapore Citizens) and SGD 1 million annual business expenditure, or the residency condition must be met. Option B requires SGD 25 million committed to a single GIP-select fund that itself invests in Singapore-based companies. Option C requires a Singapore-based Single Family Office with at least SGD 200 million in Assets Under Management and at least SGD 50 million deployed within 12 months in EDB-specified investments (listed equities, qualifying debt securities, approved funds, or Singapore-based private equity), plus 5 incremental professionals (3 Singapore Citizens) for renewal. The GIP application fee is SGD 20,000 effective 5 May 2025, processing takes 6 to 12 months, and approval grants immediate PR with a 5-year REP. Singapore citizenship may be applied for after a minimum of two years as PR (subject to ICA discretion) and requires renunciation of all foreign nationalities. Singapore does not allow dual citizenship for adults. Family scope across all routes covers legally married spouse and unmarried children under 21 via the Dependant's Pass (requiring the principal to earn at least SGD 6,000 fixed monthly salary), with parents and adult unmarried children eligible for Long-Term Visit Passes (parents require the principal to earn at least SGD 12,000 fixed monthly salary). Male children obtaining PR through GIP become liable for National Service.

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