Tax, economy, and demographics

Dimension	Indonesia	Thailand
Corporate income tax	22%High	20%High
Corporate tax basis	Residence-basedResidence-based	WorldwideWorldwide
Personal income tax (marginal)	35%Moderate	35%Moderate
Personal tax basis	WorldwideWorldwide	Remittance basisRemittance basis
Population	287.9 M×4.02	71.6 M
Area	1,904,569 km²×3.71	513,120 km²
Population density	151 /km²	139 /km²
Capital	Jakarta	Bangkok
Currency	IDR (Indonesian rupiah)	THB (Thai Baht)
Main airport	CGK (Soekarno-Hatta International Airport)	BKK (Suvarnabhumi Airport)
Phone code	+62	+66
Internet TLD	.id	.th

Visa access controls

Your access

Pick your nationality above to see how long you can stay in each country and whether you need a visa.

Passport power

Mobility strength of each country's passport, useful if you are weighing it as a future citizenship.

Indonesia passport

#64

Henley rank

70

Visa-free destinations

Thailand passport

#59

Henley rank

76

Visa-free destinations

Verdict

For professionals who prioritize banking index, Thailand leads with 7.9 / 10 versus 5.2 / 10 for Indonesia. On weathercomfort index, Indonesia is at 6.6 / 10 compared with 4.8 / 10 for Thailand.

Frequently asked questions

• Indonesia

  Can foreign residents open bank accounts and deploy capital in Indonesia without friction?

  Banking is regulated by Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK), Indonesia's Financial Services Authority established under Law No. 21 of 2011, which took over banking supervision from Bank Indonesia at the end of 2013 and whose mandate was later reinforced by the Financial Sector Development and Strengthening Law (P2SK Law No. 4 of 2023). Bank Indonesia (BI), the central bank, retains monetary policy, payment system oversight, macro-prudential supervision, and foreign exchange regulation. The market counts around 105 commercial banks as of mid-2025, with the four state-owned banks (Bank Negara Indonesia, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Mandiri, and Bank Tabungan Negara) playing a central role in retail and government-linked banking, and the private Bank Central Asia (BCA) ranking as the leading private bank. Account opening for holders of a limited stay permit (KITAS) is generally feasible and often completed within a few business days depending on the bank and branch, with banks commonly requesting a passport, a valid residence permit, residential address details, a Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP) tax identification number, and an initial deposit that varies by bank and account type and frequently falls in the IDR 500,000 to 1,000,000 range. Source of funds checks are applied on a risk-based basis through customer due diligence rather than a single universal threshold, while cash transactions of at least IDR 500,000,000 in one business day must be reported to the financial intelligence unit Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan (PPATK) under Law No. 8 of 2010. Indonesia became a full member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in October 2023 and is not listed on the FATF grey or black lists. Indonesia operates a Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act framework with the United States through an intergovernmental agreement, and separately participates in the Common Reporting Standard for automatic exchange of financial account information with partner jurisdictions including European Union member states, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and Australia. Domestic financial transactions must be conducted in IDR under Bank Indonesia Regulation 17/3/PBI/2015 effective July 2015, with limited exceptions for activities such as export and import settlement and interbank foreign currency transactions. Foreign currency cash purchases against the rupiah without underlying transaction documents are capped at USD 50,000 per party per month since 1 April 2026 under Board of Governors Regulation (PADG No. 7 of 2026), a threshold scheduled to be lowered further to USD 25,000 from June 2026. Deposit insurance through Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan (LPS) covers eligible deposits up to IDR 2,000,000,000 per depositor per bank. Foreign nationals with a valid stay permit can own a landed residence under a Hak Pakai (Right to Use) title and an apartment unit under a strata title Hak Pakai certificate (Sertifikat Hak Pakai atas Satuan Rumah Susun), subject to minimum value thresholds set regionally such as IDR 5,000,000,000 in Jakarta, while Hak Guna Bangunan (Right to Build) is available to foreign interests only through an Indonesian foreign-owned company (PT PMA) and Hak Milik freehold remains reserved to Indonesian citizens. Agricultural land ownership is prohibited for foreigners. Crypto asset supervision was transferred from the Commodity Futures Trading Regulatory Agency (Bappebti) to OJK and BI effective 10 January 2025 under Government Regulation No. 49 of 2024 and OJK Regulation No. 27 of 2024, with a transition period running to 10 January 2027 during which legacy Bappebti licences remain valid. Foreign investment in Indonesian listed securities is permitted through the Indonesia Stock Exchange via OJK-licensed local brokers, subject to sector-specific foreign ownership limits set under the Positive Investment List (Presidential Regulation No. 10 of 2021 as amended by No. 49 of 2021), with the banking sector cap at 99 percent.

• Thailand

  Can foreign residents open bank accounts and deploy capital in Thailand without friction?

  Banking is regulated by the Bank of Thailand (BOT) and anti-money-laundering compliance is supervised by the Anti-Money Laundering Office (AMLO). The foreign-resident framework has tightened materially since mid-2025 under coordinated commercial bank enforcement of the Anti-Money Laundering Act B.E. 2542 (1999) and Know Your Customer (KYC) standards, following the so-called mule account crisis where transient foreigners on tourist entries were recruited to open accounts for cybercrime laundering. Major commercial banks accepting foreign clients include Bangkok Bank (most accommodating to expats, particularly for property and foreign exchange flows), Kasikorn Bank (KBank), Siam Commercial Bank (SCB), and Krungsri (Bank of Ayudhya), with onboarding practice varying significantly by branch. Account opening normally requires an in-person branch visit, a passport, a valid long-term or non-immigrant residence basis, a Thai mobile number registered with the applicant passport, and proof of Thai address (a Certificate of Residence from Immigration is the most accepted document, with house registration, lease or work-permit documentation also used). Tourist entries, visa-exempt stays, and Destination Thailand Visa (DTV) holders have faced widespread rejection at the major banks since July 2025, although a minority of lenient branches remain. Existing DTV account holders have also reported sudden account freezes during periodic KYC reviews, with banks reclassifying these clients as tourist-category exposure. Banks commonly require Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) self-certification, including Form W-9 for US persons or Form W-8BEN for non-US individuals where applicable, and Common Reporting Standard (CRS) self-certification, with CRS reporting supported by the Emergency Decree on Exchange of Information for Compliance with International Agreements on Taxation B.E. 2566 (2023). AMLO is Thailand's financial intelligence unit and a member of the Egmont Group since 2001, with mandatory record retention of at least 5 years per Section 22 of the Anti-Money Laundering Act. The BOT separately operates a Foreign Exchange Ecosystem Development Plan since 2020 focused on relaxing capital-movement and outbound-investment rules for residents, which is distinct from and unrelated to the KYC tightening described above. Foreign nationals can purchase condominium units within the 49 percent foreign-ownership quota of any building but cannot own land in their personal name, with long lease structures of up to 30 years used as the standard alternative under the Civil and Commercial Code, although renewal rights are not equivalent to freehold and must be treated as fresh enforceable arrangements rather than guaranteed extensions. Cryptocurrency trading is permitted through Securities and Exchange Commission of Thailand (SEC) licensed digital asset operators including Bitkub, Orbix Trade (formerly Satang Corporation, now a subsidiary of KasikornBank), GMO-Z.com Cryptonomics, Gulf Binance (Binance TH), Upbit Thailand, and Bitazza. Under Ministerial Regulation (MR) No. 399 (B.E. 2568) gazetted on 5 September 2025, qualifying personal capital gains from transfers of cryptocurrencies or digital tokens through SEC-licensed Thai exchanges, brokers, or dealers are exempt from personal income tax for income received from 1 January 2025 to 31 December 2029. The 15 percent withholding framework under Section 50(2)(f) of the Revenue Code does not apply to qualifying exempt transactions during this window, although it remains relevant outside qualifying cases, including foreign-platform activity, mining, staking, airdrops, and other non-exempt digital asset income. Thailand exited the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey list in 2013 and is not on either FATF list as of the February 2026 Plenary, with the latest Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG) follow-up showing 33 of 40 FATF Recommendations rated Compliant or Largely Compliant and 6 Partially Compliant.

• Indonesia

  How does taxation apply to residents and foreign-source income in Indonesia?

  Indonesia operates a residence-based taxation system. Tax residency is triggered when an individual stays more than 183 days in any 12-month period or holds intent to reside, typically evidenced by a Limited Stay Permit. Resident companies and individuals are taxed on worldwide income, with foreign tax credits available under 71 active bilateral double taxation agreements. The standard corporate income tax (CIT) rate is 22 percent post Harmonization of Tax Regulations (HPP) Law No. 7 of 2021, with a reduced 19 percent rate applicable to public companies with at least 40 percent free float on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. A 0.5 percent Final Tax on gross revenue applies to small businesses with annual turnover below IDR 4,800,000,000 under Government Regulation (PP) No. 23 of 2018 as amended by PP No. 55 of 2022, available for a maximum of 7 tax years for individuals, 4 years for cooperatives, limited partnerships and firms, and 3 years for limited liability companies. The Omnibus Law No. 11 of 2020 introduced a conditional exemption for foreign-source dividends, foreign permanent establishment (PE) income, and active non-PE foreign income earned by resident companies if reinvested in Indonesia for at least 3 years, moving the corporate framework from pure worldwide to residence-based with structural carve-outs. Several concessional corporate regimes apply to qualifying investments. The Tax Holiday for Pioneer Industries under Minister of Finance Regulation (PMK) No. 130 of 2020 as amended by PMK No. 69 of 2024 grants 50 percent CIT reduction for investments between IDR 100 and 500 billion for 5 years, or 100 percent CIT reduction for investments above IDR 500 billion for 5 to 20 years, across 18 designated pioneer industries including pharmaceuticals, electric vehicles, renewable energy, data centers, petrochemicals, and metal smelting. The PMK No. 69 of 2024 application window closed on 31 December 2025, and any successor framework extending it into 2026 remains unconfirmed absent a new official regulation. The Nusantara Capital City (IKN) Tax Incentives under PP No. 12 of 2023 and PMK No. 28 of 2024 extend up to 100 percent CIT reduction for 10 to 30 years to investments of at least IDR 10 billion in the new capital city, with dedicated tracks for the Financial Centre (85 to 100 percent CIT reduction for 20 to 25 years) and headquarters relocation (100 percent for 10 years plus 50 percent for the next 10). The Special Economic Zones (KEK) regime under PP No. 40 of 2021 and PMK No. 237 of 2020 as amended by PMK No. 33 of 2021 covers 24 designated zones including Batam, Mandalika, and Nongsa Digital Park, granting a 100 percent CIT reduction for 10 to 20 years to investments of at least IDR 100 billion, with reduced facilities for smaller qualifying investments. The Tax Allowance under PP No. 78 of 2019 grants a 30 percent net income reduction over 6 years, accelerated depreciation, a reduced 10 percent dividend withholding tax, and extended 10-year loss carry-forward across 183 priority business sectors. All corporate holidays are subject to the Pillar Two Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax under PMK No. 136 of 2024 effective 1 January 2025, listed in the OECD Central Record with transitional qualified status as at 18 August 2025, capping the benefit at a 15 percent effective tax rate floor for multinational groups with consolidated revenue above EUR 750 million. Individual income tax follows progressive brackets post HPP Law: 5 percent up to IDR 60,000,000 of taxable income, 15 percent up to IDR 250,000,000, 25 percent up to IDR 500,000,000, 30 percent up to IDR 5,000,000,000, and 35 percent above IDR 5 billion. Foreign nationals with qualifying expertise under Article 4 paragraph 1a of the Income Tax Law can opt for the 4-Year Territorial Tax Exemption, taxing them only on Indonesian-source income for the first 4 fiscal years from the time they become an Indonesian domestic tax subject, subject to Directorate General of Taxes approval and provided they do not instead rely on an applicable tax treaty. The implementing rules previously sat in PMK No. 18 of 2021 and were partly consolidated into the PMK No. 81 of 2024 framework from 1 January 2025, as subsequently amended, with eligible positions defined as technical and scientific roles evidenced by a certificate, qualification, or at least 5 years of experience. Capital gains on unlisted Indonesian shares depend on the seller status. Resident sellers are taxed under ordinary income tax rules, the corporate rate for companies and Article 17 progressive rates for individuals. Non-resident sellers face a 20 percent Article 26 withholding tax on a deemed net gain set at 25 percent of the sale price, an effective 5 percent of proceeds, reducible under an applicable tax treaty. Gains on listed Indonesian shares are taxed at 0.1 percent of transaction value as a final tax. Inheritance is not subject to individual income tax but real property transfers trigger acquisition duties. Wealth tax does not exist. The VAT statutory rate was raised to 12 percent on 1 January 2025 under PMK No. 131 of 2024 issued on 31 December 2024, but effective application of the 12 percent rate is limited to luxury goods such as luxury residences valued above IDR 30 billion, private jets, yachts, hot air balloons, gliders, private firearms, and luxury motor vehicles subject to Luxury Goods Sales Tax. For all other goods and services, the effective VAT rate remains 11 percent through an adjusted 11/12 tax base mechanism, preserving the pre-2025 burden on essential consumption. Dividends paid to non-residents are subject to 20 percent default withholding tax, reducible to 10 to 15 percent under tax treaties.

• Thailand

  How does taxation apply to residents and foreign-source income in Thailand?

  Thailand operates a worldwide-basis corporate tax system at a flat 20 percent rate on net profits since 2013, made permanent by the 22 January 2016 Revenue Code amendment. Thai-incorporated companies are taxed on worldwide income, foreign companies carrying on business in Thailand are taxed on profits arising from or in consequence of activities conducted in Thailand, and foreign companies not carrying on business in Thailand may be subject to final withholding tax on certain Thai-source payments including interest, dividends, royalties, rentals, and service fees under Section 70 of the Revenue Code. Qualifying small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with paid-up capital not exceeding THB 5 million and revenue not exceeding THB 30 million benefit from a progressive scale of 0 percent on the first THB 300,000, 15 percent from THB 300,001 to THB 3 million, and 20 percent above. The Emergency Decree on Top-Up Tax B.E. 2567 gazetted 26 December 2024 implements OECD BEPS 2.0 Pillar Two through three mechanisms (Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax, Income Inclusion Rule, Undertaxed Payments Rule) for multinational enterprise (MNE) groups exceeding EUR 750 million in consolidated revenue, effective for fiscal years from 1 January 2025. VAT is at a temporarily reduced 7 percent rate (legal rate 10 percent) extended through 30 September 2026 under Royal Decree No. 799. The Board of Investment (BOI) Investment Promotion Act B.E. 2520 (1977) grants corporate income tax holidays depending on the promoted activity category, commonly 3 years for Group A4, 5 years for Group A3, and 8 years for Groups A1 and A2 under Section 31 of the Act, with selected qualifying projects in Groups A1+, A1, and A2 reaching up to 13 years in total when merit-based or location-based incentives apply, and with the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) providing additional incentives in Chonburi, Rayong, and Chachoengsao under the EEC Act B.E. 2561 (2018). Personal income tax follows a progressive scale of 5 percent to 35 percent, with the 35 percent top rate applying above THB 5 million of annual taxable income. Tax residency triggers at 180 days or more of physical presence in a Thai calendar year. Revenue Department Order Por. 161/2566 effective 1 January 2024 reformed the longstanding remittance rule. Foreign-source income derived from 1 January 2024 by an individual who is a Thai tax resident in the year of derivation is taxable when remitted to Thailand, regardless of the tax year of remittance. Companion Order Por. 162/2566 of 20 November 2023 grandfathers all foreign income earned before 1 January 2024, which remains non-taxable when remitted regardless of timing, provided documentary evidence of pre-2024 vintage is preserved. A draft 2025 amendment, reported by tax advisers and attributed to Revenue Department officials in mid-2025, proposed a two-tax-year exemption window for timely remittances of foreign-source income earned from 2024 onwards. As of 28 May 2026, no enacted measure has been identified in the available official Revenue Department materials, and the legislative process has not advanced through the period spanning the February 2026 general elections. Order Por. 161/2566 therefore remains the operative framework for 2025 and 2026 tax filings, with tax residents required to apply the post-1 January 2024 remittance rule. Thailand operates a network of 61 active double taxation agreements as of October 2025 covering most key partners for inbound capital and resident expatriates. Royal Decree No. 743 B.E. 2565 gazetted 23 May 2022 grants two material derogations to Long-Term Resident (LTR) visa holders. Section 5 fully exempts foreign-source income remitted to Thailand by Wealthy Global Citizen, Wealthy Pensioner, and Work-from-Thailand Professional holders, covering income from employment abroad, business carried on abroad, or property situated abroad. Section 3 reduces the withholding tax rate to 17 percent on Thai-source employment income paid to Highly-Skilled Professional holders working in targeted industries under national competitiveness, investment promotion, or Eastern Special Development Zone laws, while Section 4 exempts such income from annual tax computation provided the foreigner does not claim a refund or credit on the tax withheld. Capital gains on securities listed and sold on the Stock Exchange of Thailand are exempt from personal income tax for individual investors under Ministerial Regulation No. 126 Section 2(23), with the exemption excluding bonds and debentures. There is no annual net wealth tax. Inheritance tax applies only above THB 100 million per testator at 5 percent for ascendants or descendants and 10 percent for other heirs, with legacies received by the surviving spouse fully exempt under the Inheritance Tax Act B.E. 2558. Gift tax of 5 percent applies above THB 20 million per year for gifts from ascendants, descendants or spouse under Section 42(27) of the Revenue Code, and above THB 10 million per year for gifts received in a ceremony or on occasions in accordance with custom and tradition from persons who are not ascendants, descendants or spouse under Section 42(28). Standard outbound withholding tax rates apply to dividends paid abroad (10 percent), interest (15 percent), and royalties (15 percent), reduced under applicable double tax treaty provisions.

• Indonesia

  What long-term residence options exist in Indonesia for internationally mobile individuals?

  Indonesia operates a Limited Stay Permit (Izin Tinggal Terbatas or KITAS) framework under Minister of Immigration and Corrections Decree No. M.IP-08.GR.01.01 of 2025. Employment-based residence is the Work KITAS (Index E23, 6 months to 2 years renewable) sponsored by an Indonesian limited company (PT) or foreign investment company (PT PMA) holding a valid Foreign Worker Utilization Plan (RPTKA), with the employer paying the Foreign Worker Compensation Fund (DKP-TKA) of approximately USD 1,200 per worker per year. Investment-based residence is the Investor KITAS (Index E28A) requiring minimum personal shareholding of IDR 10,000,000,000 in a PT PMA registered under personal name, with the holder occupying a Director or Commissioner role. The Investor KITAS is valid 1 or 2 years, renewable up to 6 years total, exempt from the Foreign Worker Compensation Fund, and does not require a separate Work Permit. Conversion to permanent residence (Izin Tinggal Tetap or ITAP) becomes available to investors after at least 3 consecutive years of continuous residence, subject to immigration approval and a signed integration declaration. Two Golden Visa tracks under Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 11 of 2024 expand the investor framework. The Individual Passive Investor Golden Visa (Index E28C) requires at least USD 350,000 held in Indonesian government bonds, publicly listed company shares, or regulated mutual funds for a 5-year permit, or at least USD 700,000 for 10 years, with the 10-year tier alternatively satisfied by ownership of an apartment worth at least USD 1,000,000. Proof of ownership of the qualifying assets is required, and the permit is extendable and convertible to other limited stay permits. The Individual Establishing Company Golden Visa (Index E28B) requires the applicant to commit to establishing an Indonesian company with placed capital or investment of at least USD 2,500,000 for a 5-year permit or USD 5,000,000 for 10 years, to be fulfilled within 90 days of entry. Family members including spouse and minor children under 18 qualify for dependent permits under Index E31 codes without a separate qualifying investment. The path to permanent residence follows the same rule of at least 3 consecutive years of continuous residence. The Nusantara Capital Investor Golden Visa (Index E28F) targets foreign nationals serving as director or commissioner of a company established in the new capital (Ibu Kota Nusantara or IKN) in East Kalimantan that is a branch or subsidiary of a foreign company, requiring a foreign company investment commitment of USD 5,000,000 for a 5-year permit or USD 10,000,000 for 10 years, to be fulfilled within 90 days of entry. Lifestyle, retirement, and remote work pathways complement the investor tracks. The Second Home Visa (Index E33) provides an initial permit of up to 5 years, extendable to a maximum of 10 years total, with a commitment to keep at least USD 130,000 in an account at a state-owned Indonesian bank or to own an apartment worth at least USD 1,000,000, the deposit or property to be evidenced within 90 days of entry and maintained throughout the permit. The Remote Worker Visa (Index E33G) launched in April 2024 grants an initial 1-year limited stay with multiple-entry privileges to digital nomads employed by foreign companies and is extendable online, requiring minimum annual foreign-source income of USD 60,000 and a USD 2,000 personal bank balance over the prior 3 months. Freelancers without a formal foreign employment contract are excluded. The one-year Retirement Second Home Visa (Index E33F) requires a sponsor and proof of income or allowance of at least USD 3,000 per month, is extendable online, and carries no separate qualifying investment. The Silver Hair Visa (Index E33E) under the Golden Visa framework applies to foreign nationals aged 55 and over, requiring a deposit of at least USD 50,000 in an account at a state-owned bank to be evidenced within 90 days, alongside proof of income or allowance of at least USD 3,000 per month, for an initial 5-year stay extendable to a maximum of 10 years. Path to citizenship is exceptional, discretionary, and effectively closed to dual nationals. The Global Citizen of Indonesia program launched on 26 January 2026 grants an indefinite permanent residence permit to former Indonesian citizens, their descendants up to the second degree, legal spouses of Indonesian citizens, and children of mixed marriages, without changing the holder's original nationality, positioned as a response to Indonesia's non-recognition of adult dual citizenship and comparable to India's Overseas Citizenship model.

• Thailand

  What long-term residence options exist in Thailand for internationally mobile individuals?

  Thailand offers a structured ladder of long-term residence pathways. The flagship is the Long-Term Resident Visa (LTR) launched on 1 September 2022 by the Board of Investment (BOI), granting 10 years of residence (5+5) with annual reporting in lieu of 90-day reporting and no re-entry permit requirement. BOI Announcement Por. 3/2568 of 4 February 2025 materially relaxed eligibility across three of the four LTR categories. Wealthy Global Citizen (WGC) now requires USD 1 million in personal assets and a USD 500,000 qualifying Thai investment in Thai government bonds, direct investment in Thai companies, qualifying venture capital or private equity structures, or Thai real estate, with the previous USD 80,000 annual income threshold removed. Wealthy Pensioner remains open to applicants aged 50 and above with USD 80,000 passive income, or USD 40,000 to USD 80,000 plus a USD 250,000 Thai investment. Work-from-Thailand Professional (WFTP) targets remote workers earning USD 80,000 from foreign employers meeting establishment criteria (publicly listed, USD 50 million revenue over three years lowered from USD 150 million under Por. 3/2568, or comparable), with an alternative path at USD 40,000 to USD 80,000 for applicants holding a master degree in a relevant field, registered intellectual property, or Series A funding. Highly-Skilled Professional (HSP) is for experts in BOI-targeted industries spanning next-generation automotive, smart electronics, affluent and medical tourism, agriculture and biotechnology, automation and robotics, aviation and aerospace, transportation and logistics, biofuels and biochemicals, petrochemical and chemical, digital, medical, national defence, environmental technologies and circular economy, and International Business Centers (IBC), with USD 80,000 income or USD 40,000 with a relevant master degree, with the 5-year prior experience requirement removed under Por. 3/2568, and includes a 17 percent flat withholding tax rate on qualifying employment income paid by targeted-industry employers under Section 3 of Royal Decree No. 743, with the corresponding final-tax exemption mechanism set out in Section 4. BOI endorsement is free of charge, while the visa issuance fee in Thailand is THB 50,000 per person for the 10-year multiple-entry visa, and the digital work permit costs THB 3,000 per year to maintain. The Thailand Privilege Card (formerly Thailand Elite Visa, rebranded October 2023) is a membership-based residency programme with five tiers. Bronze (THB 650,000 for 5 years, application window extended through 30 September 2026 by Thailand Privilege Card Co. on 18 March 2026), Gold (THB 900,000 for 5 years), Platinum (THB 1,500,000 for 10 years, lowest tier accepting family additions), Diamond (THB 2,500,000 for 15 years), and Reserve (THB 5,000,000 for 20 years, invitation only). Family additions cost THB 1 million to THB 2 million per person at standard rates depending on tier, with time-limited Next Member promotions periodically offered through Thailand Privilege authorised sales channels, including reported 2026 promotional pricing at a flat THB 750,000 per additional Platinum, Diamond or Reserve member running from 18 May 2026 to 14 August 2026, succeeding the earlier THB 500,000 promotion that closed on 31 March 2026. The Destination Thailand Visa (DTV) launched on 15 July 2024 is a 5-year multiple-entry visa for remote workers, freelancers, and Thai Soft Power activity participants (Muay Thai, cooking, medical treatment), with financial evidence assessed by the issuing consulate and generally corresponding to approximately THB 500,000 in liquid funds, the documentary lookback and local currency thresholds varying by embassy, and granting 180 days per entry extendable once by another 180 days at immigration. The SMART Visa programme administered by BOI was materially restructured under BOI Announcement Por. 5/2568 of 18 February 2025, following Cabinet approval on 13 January 2025, with the Talent (T), Investor (I) and Executive (E) tracks discontinued and only the Startup (S) track maintained to reduce overlap with the LTR programme. SMART S is a renewable 2-year visa for foreign startup entrepreneurs in BOI-targeted industries, requiring a minimum THB 600,000 deposit held for at least 3 months prior to application, and either at least 25 percent shareholding or a director position in a BOI-certified startup, with work permit exemption and dependents permitted. Applicants who would previously have qualified under SMART T, I or E are now directed to the LTR Visa tracks. Standard pathways include the Non-Immigrant O-A retirement visa (aged 50 and above, generally THB 800,000 Thai bank deposit or THB 65,000 monthly income, with documentary requirements varying by embassy, 1 year renewable), the Non-Immigrant O-X (aged 50 and above, restricted to 14 designated nationalities including major Western countries plus Japan, THB 3 million Thai bank balance or THB 1.8 million deposit plus THB 1.2 million annual income, 10 years as 5+5), and the Non-Immigrant B work visa requiring Thai employer sponsorship and a work permit. Under standard Thai company-sponsored Non-B and work-authorisation structures, immigration and labour practice commonly requires a ratio of four Thai employees per foreign employee, although BOI-promoted companies, LTR holders and SMART Visa holders are exempt or subject to specific regimes. Path to Thai Permanent Residence (PR) is structurally narrow. Eligibility generally requires a Non-Immigrant visa with 3 consecutive yearly extensions and the active extension stamp at the time of application, subject to a 100-PR quota per nationality per year (plus 50 stateless), with the application window announced annually by the Ministry of Interior through the Immigration Bureau, historically opened from October to December but subject to variation as illustrated by the 2024 quota window running from 5 March to 15 May 2025. LTR and Thailand Privilege visas should not be marketed as PR-track pathways since their stay structure does not match the consecutive yearly extension requirement applied by the Immigration Bureau.

Also compare

• IndonesiavsVietnam
• IndonesiavsMexico
• SpainvsThailand
• MexicovsThailand

Related rankings

• Tax Freedom Index
• SafetyShield Index